Cystic Fibrosis Essay Sample free essay sample

Cystic fibrosis is an familial cistron caused by a faulty cistron. which affects tissues that produce mucose secernments. Cystic fibrosis affects variety meats like the lungs. the GI piece of land. the pancreas and the liver. Cystic fibrosis can besides impact the perspiration secretory organs and the male generative system. In cystic fibrosis. exocrine secretory organs make midst. gluey mucous secretion. Exocrine glands usually do thin slippery secernments like perspiration. mucous secretion. cryings. spit and digestive juices. The mucous secretion stoppers are most frequently in the lungs and bowels and can do jobs with external respiration and digestion. Cystic fibrosis does non impact the hormone glands because the hormone glands produce endocrines that pass in the blood. Most people think that cystic fibrosis is contagious but it is non contagious. They say it is contagious because you cough a batch but it is something you are born with. Cystic fibrosis is one of the most common familial upsets in Caucasians. This disease is occurs in one of every 3200 unrecorded Caucasians births. Every kid born with cystic fibrosis was born with it because it is a familial disease started at construct. The age in which marks and symptoms start varies based on the individual. In some kids the lungs are impaired in others the digestive system is affected. Concept is when the father’s sperm and the mother’s egg joins. Both the egg and the sperm have 1000s of cistrons. The cistrons decide the traits like oculus and hair colour. tallness. facial characteristics and wellness conditions. Every human being hold seven or eight cistrons that are connected with serious wellness jobs. As a parent you can non command what cistrons you passed to your kid. PATHOPHYSIOLOGYCystic fibrosis ( CF ) is an familial multisystem upset of kids and grownups. characterized chiefly by obstructor and infection of air passages and by maldigestion and its effects. CF is inherited as an autosomal recessionary trait. The CF cistron codifications for a protein of 1. 480 amino acids called the CF trans membrane regulator ( CFTR ) . SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS The type and badness of cystic fibrosis varies from individual to individual. * Salty savoring tegument* Slow weight derive even with a good appetency* Abnormal intestine motions* Wheezing* Coughing* Increased lung mucose* Pneumonia* Nasal polyps- little heavy growings in the olfactory organ* Clubbing- expansion of the fingertips and nose* Rectal prolapse- the rectum lodging out the anus* No intestine motions in the first 24-48 hours of life* Increased gas. bloating. or a belly that appears conceited ( distended )* Nasal congestion caused by rhinal polyps* Infertility ( in work forces )* Repeated redness of the pancreas ( pancreatitis )* Respiratory symptoms* Due to losing a batch of salts tiredness. failing. febrility. musculus spasms and desiccation occurs* Delayed growing Worlds have 23 braces of chromosomes made of the familial familial chemical deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) . The CF cistron is found on chromosome figure 7. It takes two transcripts of a Cystic Fibrosis cistron one inherited from each parent for a kid to demo symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis. Peoples born with merely one CF cistron ( inherited from merely one parent ) and one normal cistron are CF bearers. CF bearers do non demo CF symptoms themselves. but can go through the job CF cistron to their kids. Diagnosis Some familial jobs can be detected before birth ; cystic fibrosis is one of them. This can be done by amniocentesis or chorionic villus trying. In amniocentesis. a little sum of fluid around the foetus is tested. In chorionic villus trying a little piece of placenta is tested. The perspiration trial is normally done when the baby is a month old. to guarantee the sample is big plenty to be analyzed. The perspiration trial can find if the baby carries the cystic fibrosis cistron or has the status. Testing should be done at a centre specialising in cystic fibrosis. Familial testing is when DNA samples from blood or spit can be checked for specific defects on the cistron responsible for cystic fibrosis. A medical history of a patient can be done. The diagnosing of CF is being made early. normally in babyhood. Some are born with a status called meconium intestinal obstruction. All neonates have meconium which is the midst. dark. putty-like substance that normally passes from the rectum in the first few yearss of life in CF. the meconium can be excessively thick and gluey to go through and can wholly barricade the bowels. Mucus blocks the passageways of the pancreas and prevents pancreatic digestive juices from come ining the bowels. without these digestive juices. the bowels can non absorb fats and proteins wholly. so nutrients base on balls out of the organic structure unused instead than assisting the organic structure grow. Poor fat soaking up makes the stools appear oily and bulky and increases the child’s hazard for lacks of the fat-soluble vitamins ( vitamins A. D. E. and K ) . Unabsorbed fats may besides do inordinate enteric gas. an abnormally swollen belly. and abdominal hurting or uncomfortableness. Cystic fibrosis is the most common cause of pancreatic inadequacy in kids. but a status called Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome ( SDS ) is the 2nd most common cause. SDS is a familial status that causes a decreased ability to digest nutrient because digestive enzymes don’t work decently. Some of the symptoms of SDS are similar to those of CF. so it may be confused with cystic fibrosis. However. in childs with SDS. the perspiration trial is normal. Because CF produces thick mucous secretion within the respiratory piece of land. childs with CF may endure from rhinal congestion. fistula jobs. wheezing. and asthma-like symptoms. As CF symptoms advancement. they can develop a chronic cough that produces ball of midst. heavy. discolored mucous secretion. They besides may endure from repeated lung infections. Chronic infections cut down lung map. the ability to take a breath frequently decreases. A individual with CF may finally get down to experience short of breath. even when resting. Despite aggressive medical therapy. lung disease develops in about all patients with CF and is a common cause of disablement and shortened life span. TREATMENT/ MANAGEMENTAn early diagnosing of CF and a comprehensive intervention program can better both endurance and quality of life. Follow-up and monitoring are really of import. If possible. patients should be cared for at cystic fibrosis forte clinics. which can be found in many communities. When kids reach maturity. they should reassign to a cystic fibrosis forte centre for grownups. Treatment for lung jobs includes antibiotics to forestall and handle lung and fistula infections. They may be taken by oral cavity. or given in the venas or by take a breathing interventions. Continued attention may include inhaled medical specialties to assist open up the air passages. high concentration of salt solutions. lung graft in some instances and O therapy. Cystic fibrosis has no remedy. Over the old ages intervention has been greatly improved for cystic fibrosis. * Antibiotics * Chest physical therapy* Exercise* Oxygen and lung organ transplant* Nutritional therapyAntibioticsPersons that have cystic fibrosis have ongoing lung infections. which may necessitate frequent hospitalizations. Antibiotics are the primary intervention for cystic fibrosis. The type antibiotic your physician may urge for you will depend on the strain of bacteriums involved. how serious is the status and your old usage of antibiotics. Oral antibiotics are given for mild airway infections. Inhaled antibiotics may be used entirely or with unwritten antibiotics. Intravenous antibiotics are for terrible infections or when unwritten antibiotics do non work. Chest physical therapy Chest physical therapy is the buffeting of your thorax and back over and over once more to free the mucous secretion from your lungs so that you can cough up the mucous secretion. This physical therapy for cystic fibrosis should be done three to four times a twenty-four hours. Chest physical therapy is besides called postural drainage because it requires you to be sitting or lying on your tummy with your caput down. This therapy is possibly really difficult and uncomfortable for some people. Exercise Aerobic exercising may assist to loosen mucous secretion. promote coughing to unclutter the mucous secretion and better your overall physical status Lung organ transplant Lung organ transplant requires surgery to replace one or both of your lungs with healthy lungs from a human giver. When you are required to hold lung organ transplant is determined by the type of bacteriums in your lungs. your age and weight. the medicines you are taking. holding other medical conditions and how good your lung is working. Nutritional therapy Having nutritionary therapy can better a person’s growing and development. strength and exercising tolerance. Nutritional therapy may besides do you strong plenty to defy some lung infections. Nutritional therapy includes a well-balanced. high-calorie diet that is low in fat and high in protein. As portion of your nutritionary therapy. your physician may order unwritten pancreatic enzymes to assist you digest fats and proteins and absorb more vitamins. The enzymes should be taken in capsule signifier before every repast. including bites. Other intervention for digestive jobs may include clysters and mucus-thinning medicines to handle enteric obstructions. Your physician may besides urge medical specialties that cut down tummy acid and assist the unwritten pancreatic enzymes work better. Management At the minute there are no remedies for cystic fibrosis but there are several intervention methods. The direction of cystic fibrosis has improved significantly over the past decennaries. Long ago when babies were born with cystic fibrosis they was non able to populate beyond one twelvemonth but babies today are populating into maturity. Due to medical promotions persons populating with the disease can populate a fuller life. The direction of cystic fibrosis is proactive intervention of airway infection. encouragement of good nutrition and an active life style. The chief direction purpose is to hold the variety meats maximising great map but with current interventions that is being accomplished. Prevention Cystic fibrosis is a familial upset that can non be prevented. Persons populating with cystic fibrosis can assist forestall more serious wellness jobs such as lung infections. * By maintaining your immunisations up to day of the month kids who have cystic fibrosis should hold all the recommended immunisations. * Not smoking and avoiding 2nd manus fume. * Using airway clearance techniques. such as postural drainage and chest percussion * Particular diet- Eating alimentary. high-calorie nutrients.* Having regular medical examinations and frequent trials. and following their intervention program. * Seeking attention from a cystic fibrosis forte intervention centre. if possible * Replacement or repairing of cistrons through cistron therapy * Physiotherapy- to forestall the formation of extra mucous secretion by making regular external respiration exercisings CONCLUSIONCystic fibrosis is an familial disease of your secretory secretory organs. including your mucous secretion and perspiration secretory organs. Cystic fibrosis largely affects the lungs. pancreas. liver. bowels. fistulas. and sex variety meats. It doesn’t affect the encephalon. Having cystic fibrosis. your mucous secretion becomes thick and gluey. It builds up in your lungs and blocks your air passages. This leads to reiterate. serious lung infections that can damage your lungs. Cystic fibrosis besides causes your perspiration to go really piquant. As a consequence. your organic structure loses big sums of salt when you sweat. This can upset the balance of minerals in your organic structure and do a figure of wellness jobs. A defect in the CFTR ( cystic fibrosis Transmembrane conductance regulator ) cistron causes cystic fibrosis. This cistron makes a protein that controls the motion of salt and H2O in and out of your body’s cells. The symptoms of cystic fibrosis vary from individual to individual and over clip. Sometimes. physicians diagnose cystic fibrosis based on the consequences from assorted trials you will hold few symptoms. Other times. your symptoms may go more terrible. As interventions for cystic fibrosis continue to better. so does life anticipation for those who have the disease. Today. some people who have cystic fibrosis are populating into their mid-fortiess. 1950ss. or older. Mentions Google Image Result for hypertext transfer protocol: //sp. life123. com/bm. pix/cystic-fibrosis1. s600x600. jpg. ( n. d. ) . Google. Retrieved November 9. 2012. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Google. tt/imgres? q=cystic+fibrosis A ; um=1 A ; hl=en A ; sa=N A ; biw=1366 A ; bih=576 A ; tbm=isch A ; tbnid=xhRJT5etskSrsM: A ; imgrefurl=http: //www. life123. com/health/medical-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/how-is-cystic-fibrosis-inherited. shtml A ; docid=LHvC5FIiDamwFM A ; imgurl=htt Google Image Result for hypertext transfer protocol: //www. hj3. com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/cystic-fibrosis-foundation-logo. jpg. ( n. d. ) . Google. Retrieved November 9. 2012. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Google. tt/imgres? q=cystic+fibrosis+logo A ; um=1 A ; hl=en A ; sa=X A ; biw=1366 A ; bih=576 A ; tbm=isch A ; tbnid=rbFqYrfo2gWrPM: A ; imgrefurl=http: //www. hj3. com/blog/community/cystic-fibrosis-fall-fundraiser/cystic-fibrosis-foundation-logo/ A ; docid=jl8 xnJkLXlF5mM A ; imgurl=htt Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms. Causes. Prevention A ; Treatment. ( n. d. ) . Ayushveda – Fashion A ; Style Tips. Health Care. Latest Cars. Mobile Phones. Home Remedies. Study Abroad Guide. Travel Destinations. Retrieved October 21. 2012. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ayushveda. com/healthcare/cystic-fibrosis. htm Cystic

Sample Essay Of Family Motivation

Sample Essay Of Family MotivationCreating a sample essay of family motivation may be a bit tricky, and you may not know where to start. But, the results of this would be so great, so worth the effort and the time, that it will seem like an easy thing to do.If you are considering the idea of writing a story or an essay for your child, then a sample for a family member will surely come in handy. This is actually one of the best ways of starting. The writer should first decide what type of essay he wants to create. If you want to create a story, then choose something that would showcase the abilities of your children.For example, if you are planning to write a family story, then find something that would help the child to portray the issues or problems in his or her life. You can choose something that would either have a special connection with them, or something that would teach them the importance of respecting others. What ever you choose, make sure that it would create the appropria te atmosphere for you and your child.After you decided which topic you are going to use, you can now choose the essay to give the reader a sense of who the child is, how he/she thinks, and what types of characteristics he/she has. Then, add in the lines that would help them to express their emotions or what they would feel while writing. Whatever you choose, make sure that it is appropriate for your child. In other words, don't let your child have too much freedom when it comes to writing.Also, the style of the writing must be relevant for your child as well. Give him/her some pointers on how to write the essay well. Be sure that your choice of writing style would be appropriate for the type of writing that would be required. The main goal here is to help your child realize how powerful writing is, and how it could help him/her to solve problems in life.Finally, you can put all the necessary pieces together into one sample essay of family motivation, but it will not be complete with out the help of a good teacher to guide you through the entire process. This way, you can gain a better understanding of how to write such an essay, which would really help you to overcome the difficulty of writing such an essay.Once you have finished the writing, the essay is done and ready to go. It can help you in telling a more interesting and enlightening story for your child. Writing such an essay will definitely help him/her to understand different aspects of life and make him/her more understanding.

Strategies firms can use when entering foreign markets

The Battle of the Somme Essays

The Battle of the Somme Essays The Battle of the Somme Essay The Battle of the Somme Essay Source A is an extract of comments made by Jack Cousins on atelevision interview years after the war. Youll find the barbed wire infront of the German trenches blown away. However it had just been thrown about and got tangled even more. This source is fairly reliable and it is determined by this statement. This source gives the impression that the battle should not have been fought because as Jack Cousins stated wrong information was given, so the battle was wrong as soldiers were not fully prepared for the things they faced. Source B was written by a historian, B.H Liddle Hart, for a book in 1972. This source is from endless research and interviews. German machine gunners had perfected to a three minute drill because the first day didnt go well, this statement is also fairly reliable and the source is written by a historian, this gives its more reliablity. However this source again shows the battle should not have been fought as Germans had better weapons and could use them affectively as the British had poor and obsolete weaponry which makes it unfair and a one sided battle. The Germans had a better prospective of winning. Also soldiers on the British side were mislead by their commanding officers. Source C was written by a well known historian A.J.P.Taylor, for yet another book in 1979. Agian his information came from endless research and his own knowledge. German machine gunners had perfected to a three minute drill this statement is more than likely true as the first day didnt go well for either side. The historian is well known for his accurate information on topics like the war so this source is fairly reliable. However whether the battle should have been fought or not cannot be determined by this source, this source just shows that the Germans were more prepared for what they faced, than the British army. Source D is Russel Bradshaw, a soldiers account of the crossing of no mans land. This source could be reliable because of his first hand knowledge of it, but it could still be inaccurate. Because it is his own opinion of the instructions to cross no mans land at a slow pace he could be biased and could have given incorrect information. Because this source may not be that reliable the descision on whether it should have been fought or not is hard to determine, because it could be a biased opinion. However if a descision had to be made it would agree that the battle should not have been fought because the crossing of no mans land at a slow pace could have been suicide. Source E is a frame from the Britsh official film of the Battle of the Somme, shown in cinemas in August 1916. This piece of film is definately a piece of propaganda as it will not show the full horrors of war because it could cause uproar within the nation. Also any single man standing over the top, as shown in the frame, would have been shot almost instantly. This piece of film could not be seen as reliable because it is a piece of propaganda, however the rest of the film would obviously have some elements of truth. But this piece of film agrees that the battle should not have been fought because if the government had to hide the truth, the truth must have been bad for it not to be shown to the public. Source F is a cartoon of a fist representing the Brtish army punching Kaiser Wilhelm on the nose, printed on the 2nd July 1916 in a British newspaper. The headline read the day goes well for our patriotic heroes. This cartoon is also a piece of propaganda, fake information given to protect the British public from the truth of not doing so well on the first day. As source N shows the first day didnt go well as 19,420 men were killed on the first day. This source also agrees that the battle should not have been fought because the great loss of men on the first day, they had to hide it from the british public, as it could cause uproar and people would refuse to fight so their morales were kept high so more men would join to fight and without the men, the battle could not have been fought well enough to win. Source G is a statement on the Battle of the Somme written in a letter to General Haig, from Lloyd George in 1916. It talks about how well everything was going and how good the plans were, i can say that the heartening news of the last few days has confirmed our anticipation and hopes that the tide has now turned in our favor. In this quote he is really optimistic about it all because the war is still going on he has to protect the nation from the truth. This source is reliable because it has come from Lloyd George but it is not reliable because the war is still going on and he has to le to stop uproar throughout the nation. So this source states that everthing is good but this is not true but his statement agrees that the battle should have been fought because everything is going well and it is helping to gain a better prospective of winning the war. Source H is also a another statement made by Lloyd George but, after his fall from Prime Minister. A statement from his book published 1933-39. This source states how bad it actually was and Lloyd Georges opinion of it all had changed, he talks about it is claimed that the Battle of the Somme destroyed the old German army by killing off its best officers and men. It killed off far more of our best. This statement is very reliable as he does not have to lie anymore because the war is over and he is not Prime Minister anymore so he can say what he likes. So this source agrees that the battle should not have been fought as it went really bad for the British and many good men were killed. Source I is an extract from a letter writen by Lord Bryce on the the 29th July 1916. He visited the Fourth Army Headquarters, a chateau and park in France. Haig and Rawlinson, Battle Director and Commander-in-Chief at the time seemed to believe the German forces were coming to their last legs. Germans had few reserves, even German officer prisoners doubt escape of defeat. These statements Are acked up by Source J but the two officers did exagerate to make themselves look good to the politician. The politician had never been to the front lines himself so he was an easy subject to mislead. This source is and isnt reliable because of the two officers exageration and because of their knowledge of the front lines. But this source agrees that the battle should not have been fought as if they had to exagerate to make it sound as if everything were fine it couldnt have been going that well so the battle should not have been fought. Source J is an extract from a letter home from a German officer in August 1916, he was later killed in October. This German officer talks about how Ghastly life was on the front lines and how the village of Martinpuich that was once quiet and peacful was now a region of horror and despair. This meant the Germans werent doing well so the British obviously were,so this source does agree with source I . It is very reliable as it has come from a German telling us that the British were doing well. This Source also agrees that the battle should not have been fought as it was causing horror and despair. Source K is information taken from Haigs despatchon the 23rd December 1916. At thos time the Battle of the Somme had finished for over a month. Haig set his objectives after the Battle had finished but they still might have been achieved. The objectives were threefold: 1) To relieve pressure on Verdun. 2) To assist our allies in other theatres of war by stopping any further transfer of German troops from the western front. 3) To wear down the strength of the forces opposed to us. Haig would have definately acheived these objectives as he set them after the war he would have based them on things that had been achieved throughout the battle. This source is reliable as these were official documents concerning objectives. This source alone cannot determine an answer to whether or not the battle should have been fought. As it just states what objectives were set. Source L is an extract from a report sent to the British Cabinet by Haig December 1919. This source is information on the effects of the Battle of the Somme. Haigs opinion of the effects were practically beaten men, thoroughly tired of the war. These both prove Objective three was acheived as forces opposed were being worn down. This source is reliable as these are also extracts from officail documents. This source agrees that the battle should have been fought as it plays a great part of the eventual defeat of Germany. Source M is an extract from a German Generals book published 1919. This source talks about the British and how well they were doing. But because it came from a German General it can be believed, because why would he lie after the war has finished and it is the British he is supporting. Entente worked their way further into German lines this statment is in comparison to all three objectives, because if the Entente worked their way into German lines it was wearing down the enemy so more men would have to be sent there, thus relieving pressure on Verdun and stopping the further transfer of troops. This Source is reliable as it came from a German. This source also agrees that the battle should have been fought because again it played a great part in the eventual defeat of Germany. Source N are the figures of men lost on the first day and the total losses by the end of the battle. 1st July 1916, 19,420 British killed, by the end of the battle in total of all sides 1,070,000 dead. The battle only lasted for 5 months and so many lives were lost in such a short space of time. This source is reliable as they are official figures, this source agrees that the battle shoud not have been fought as so many men lost their lives in the short amount of time of 5 months. In conclusion from analysing thoroughly the sources and information provided it would seem that the morgority of the sources would agree that the battle should not have been fought for various reasons. However a final descision will never be made as there are so many points to be analysed and discussed. No-one will ever come to a conclusion because everyone has different opinions.

International marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 8

International marketing - Essay Example This article aims at addressing the various styles used by organisations in building relationships as well as providing a comparison between Britain and India with some recommendations concerning the best practice for dealing with cultural differences for an international marketer. The various reasons for entering in B2B relationships influence the style used by the organisation in building the relationship. These styles may take the form of partnerships, strategic alliances, joint ventures, interlocking directorates, trade associations as well as the establishment of trade networks (Bagdoniene & Zilione 2009). Currently, because of the process of globalisation of world trade, most companies tend to diversify their operations and operate in more than one country and hence the establishment of networks continues to gain more popularity over the other methods. However, the organizations that intend to establish networks require the skills required for building and maintaining such networks. This means that the ability and the capability of establishing networks depend largely on the knowledge and experience of the management team. An organization deeply rooted in a country like Britain where the labour is more skillful is thus likely to develop networks more eas ily than an organisation deeply rooted in India where labour is less developed. This means that the necessity to acquire more skills in Britain is less than in a country like India. This means that in Britain, the move to acquire more managerial skills is lower and hence less likely going to engage in partnerships with the aim of gaining knowledge and skills. While organizations operating in India are most likely going to collaborate with a substantial organisation to acquire skills to deal with the managerial problems, it faces in the current globalised economy in which intense competition is the most describing feature (Ghemawat &

Trustes Tropiques Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Trustes Tropiques - Assignment Example The writer organized a barter exchange in order to count them. The natives had neither written language nor drawing skills. The writer gave them sheets of paper and pencil which ate first they did nothing with them. They later used them to draw wavy and horizontal line trying to emulate the writer (Strauss 1279). Their chief seemed to have grasped the purpose of writing because he requested for a writing-pad and continued. Each time the writer could ask a question, the chief would draw wavy lines on paper and hand them over before giving a verbal commentary. The writer together with the chief was to exchange some goods. The chief took advantage to surprise his natives and convince them that he was an intermediary agent for the exchange of the goods and that he was in coalition with the white man and shared his secrets (Strauss 1280).Writing had been adopted in Nambikwara. It was a way of increasing authority and prestige rather than acquiring knowledge as it a social symbol and not f or intellectual purpose (Strauss 1281). Chief used it acquire prestige at the expense of his natives.In conclusion, writing is a strange invention because its emergence brought about positive effects to human existence. Writing brings forth ability to conserve knowledge, organize the present and predict the future. Writing has led to the expansion in the field of science. Although writing is beneficial to mankind, it is said that, during Neolithic age, man made a great move without the aid of writing.

Analyse The Current Strategy Of Ryanair Tourism Essay

Analyse The Current Strategy Of Ryanair Tourism Essay You are to critically analysis the current strategy of Ryanair which comprises the following tasks. Undertake an environmental analysis of the European airline industry with implications for the budget sector and Ryanair in particular. Analyse how Ryanair has been successful in the European budget airline industry. From the above analysis, critically assess the sustainability of Ryanairs strategy. Executive Summary In this recession period to sustain a business and make it different and unique id definitely a big task and to make it growing need to implement different Strategies. Strategy is the direction and purview of a business organization in long run to achieve an advantage over other rivals by adapting with available resources and build competency. today we are discussing the Environment Analysis, strength and weaknesses and its strategy to sustainability of Ryanair a low cost Airline. This assignment will analyse the business environment of the airline industry in Europe, then it considers the competitive strategy and sustainability of Ryanair. Introduction Ryanair start its business by Mr. Cathal and her wife with the financial help of their father Tony Ryan with the total capital of  £1 in 1985. The company Head office is in Dublin, Ireland. Initially Ryanair provide flights between Ireland and UK by using secondary airport due to national airlines monopoly. In 1990 Ryanair loss was IR £20 Million and at the end of 1990 the new management team under the supervision of Michael OLeary adapted the model of Southwest USA base airline introduced the low budget cost concept in Europe and became market cost leader with no frills carrier. Gulf War 1 broke out in 1991 and airline traffic all over the world distorted. Although the down turn in overall airline traffic, Ryanair made a profit of  £ 0.3 million for the year and carry 651,000 passengers with a total work force of 477 people. In 1997 Ryanair first time ranked in Dublin Stock exchange and London stock exchange and in 2002 on NASDAQ. Ryanair added number of aircraft and number of European destinations in 1999. And in 2000 Ryanair introduced Europe largest travel website, www.ryanair.com within three months, the site was record 50,000 bookings per week. In 2005 May 26th Ryanair Holdings, PLC celebrated its 20th birthday. At the celebration party Ryanair CEO Michael OLeary said that Ryanair will be overtake British Airways by carrying 3.5 million passengers a month in 2005 In June 2009 Ryanair is offering 1200 scheduled short haul flights per day along with 145 locations throughout Europe and Morocco with an operating fleet of 196 aircraft flying approximately 845 routes. Environment Analysis The external business environment of Ryanair means the other European airlines and other influencing factors which affect the decision making, making of business strategy and the performance of Ryanair. There are number of external environmental factors which affect the Ryanair like PEST (Political, Economic, social and technological factors) Strategic management in any airline industry plays very important role to make them successful airline. The strategy of Ryanair is depends on the vision and mission its vision and mission which is based on the environment factors which are internal and external factors. These environmental factors normally called environmental analysis. In Strategic planning techniques environmental analysis plays very important role to evaluate or scan that business environment is suitable for business or not. In Ryanair these strategic policies clarify its resource strengths and deficiency, its market opportunities, the outside threats to its future success an d its competitive status relative to rivals. Environmental analysis in airline industry helps them to develop and change their strategy to meet the upcoming external changes and its help the company to lead. D. Stoffels 1994). Concept of Environmental Analysis Environmental analysis means the environmental scanning or appraisal (L M Prasad). There are two types of for Strength, Weaknesses, opportunities and threats. In Ryanair Strength and weaknesses are internal factors whereas opportunities and threats are external factors. Ryanair environment is analysis based on following structure. Figure No 1: Ryanair Environment Analysis External Analysis The external analysis is based on the opportunities and threats. Threats Volcano crises 9/11 terrorist attacks War in Iraq Oil prices Economic downturns Government Regulation The airline industry in Europe has always been under pressure from domestic and European Union. At the end of 1980 E.U deregulate the airline industry and an array of liberalisation measures followed that were to be applied throughout its territories. In 1997 E.U any airline can operate its business from anywhere within Europe. Competition At the start of 21st century competition in airline industry exploded and this competition will continue to grow up new entrants to take this advantage. Due to price competition and economic downturn and financial crises there is no entrants who want to enter in the market. Porters Five Forces Analysis of the low cost Airline According to Porter 1985 Five force analysis is a means of identifying the forces which affect the level of competition in an industry. Porters five forces model is based on the opportunities and threats of Ryanair from the external environment. Here porter analysis is applied on Ryanair external business environment. Porter five forces analysis are as under. Porter Five Forces Analysis Bargaining Power of Suppliers Boeing is the main supplier of Ryanair Airline Regional airports are mostly dependant on one airline Bargaining Power of Customers Customers are price conscious Lack of loyalty Switching airline is comparatively easy without any cost Threat from New Entrants High capital investment Some barriers to entry Threat from Substitutes Lack of brand loyalty for customers No extra cost for customer to switching Other methods of transport like Euro train, cars, Ferries and Euro lines Competitive Rivalry The low cost airline industry is highly competitive PESTEL Analysis PESTLE analysis is the most appropriate model to discuss the Political, Economic, Social, Technological factors, Environmental factors and legal factors. Political Factors Political factors means government regulations like taxation policies, environmental law, employment law, trade restriction by government and political instability. Change of Government taxation policies An international organization like Ryanair may effect by regulate the Government and taxation policies and some time these policies are in favourable and sometime in opposibe favour. Political changes in countries where Ryanair have routes Like in United Kingdom election are coming and may be new party change their business policies. Political instability Political stability plays very important role in an international company like Ryanair. Now a day in United Kingdom if government will be labour party then the policies will be in favour of the business community. Terrorist attacks on airline business Starting of 21st century the mode of terrorism is totally changed and now terrorist attacks through aeroplanes and target airline industry. Considering the events of 9/11 in USA, Manchester Airport chemical attack in UK its totally change the strategy of industry. Local government office may object to noise and new runway projects Currently Ryanair is facing Legal issues and disputes with Government. Economical Factors These factors are purchasing power of consumer and Ryanair, capital cost, economic growth, inflation rate, bank interest rate and currency exchange rate. Economic condition may affect positive or negative in the airline industry according to the country economic situation. If consumers standard of living will be high automatically they will use airline for holidays and other purpose. Fuel prices are rising day by day In these days fuel prices are going up and up and it may affect the consumer purchasing power. Social Factors In Social circumstances Ryanair will affect by peoples attitude towards luxury class, population growth and health matters. Ryanair do not offer luxury class so business trips are frequently possible to reduce company cost. Rapidly increase in travelling life style Lack of consumer loyalty Ryanair low budget airline means to attract more consumers around the globe. Technological Every business organize one unique system to operate its business Ryanair main supplier is Boeing and Boeing have less carbon emission and les noise pollution Good relationship with customers by maintaining online service Online sales/service Environmental Factors Environmental factors plays very important role in external environmental of airline industry. The important factors are as under. Natural disasters In Iceland Volcano ash disturb the whole Europe flights and airline and still writing these word almost 70,000 flights are cancelled. It will affect the airline industry around the globe. Health problems During flight some people feel really bad depression and its can decrease the profitability of the airline industry. Legal Factors Immigration law Immigration law is very major barrier in legal factors. There are some restrictions on the peoples to travel to other some certain countries. Aviation safety rules Every country has its own aviation and safety rules which affect the airline of other country. Swot Analysis of Ryanair SWOT analysis shows the organization existing strategy and position. SWOT analysis based on strength, weakness, opportunity and threats in any organization. In Ryanair this tool is used to analyse the internal strengths and weaknesses and external opportunities and threats. The current scenario of Ryanair on the basis of SWOT analysis is as under. Strengths Brand Name: Ryanair spent 15 years in the LCC market to develop its brand name Low airport charges will automatically reduce the cost of fare. All Boeing aircraft: Uniform fleet save training cost and technical cost High service performance: low baggage loss, in time, high rate of flight completion it gave the good image of the Ryanair performance High Aircraft Utilization Point to point service Small Headquarters: Ryanair try to reduce its administration cost due to small offices Weaknesses Bad press image Restricted expansion possibility due to budget cost Lack of skill staff Opportunities New routes and new destination Provide best and updated customer services may affect the number of customers Threats Threats from competitors like BMI, Easy jet, Air Asia, Atlantic and fly be. Economic downturn may affect disposable income. European Union may put some type of restriction if Ryanair do not accept the rules and policies. Mostly hotels are four stars due to low cost package is risky Change the choice of consumer Change the status of economy may change the situation of business policies. Question No 2. Ryanair European low cost airline Competitive Strategy of Ryanair Competitive strategy is key factor for the success of Ryanair. Ryanair followed different types of strategy which kept itself one step up from its competitor. Ryanair aim was establish itself Europes low fares leading airline through improvements and expanding day by day of its low fares services. The Ryanair strategy was simple to focus on low fares and catch more and more passenger traffic. At the end of 20th century the European aviation industry changes its cost strategy and focused on low budget model and now whole industry became low cost airlines. Ryanair based on low fares airlines and growing rapidly due to its environment friendly policies. Ryanair strategy is to provide their customers latest aircraft and advance technologies facility in their aircraft that reduce fuel burn and emissions of CO2 as much as possible. Figure No 2: Ryanair Business Model Ryanair plan to invest 17bn Euro on expansion programme of fleet replacement and now all Ryanair old Boeing 737-200 aircraft have replaced with the new Boeing 737-800. Here are the key elements of Ryanair Strategy who make itself European leading low cost airline. Low fares: Low fares are the main focus of Ryanair strategy. Ryanair sets its fares on the basis of demand of that flight. Frequent point to point Flights on short haul Routes Commitment to Safety and quality maintenance Ancillary services Choice of route Low operating costs Maximizing the use of the internet Question No 3. Sustainability of Ryanair Ryanair business model is adapted from the Southwest airline of USA. Ryanair focused on the secondary airports because majority of the national airlines concentrated on hub airports. At hubs airport acquired a scarcity value and were typically allocated to incumbent airlines in order of seniority at the airport by a scheduling committee presided over by the home country national airline. First time Ryanair used London-Luton route to promote its strategy in 1986 because slots were not available due to rush at Heathrow airport. Ryanair played a vital role to use these secondary airports and make itself a successful low cost airline. On secondary airports the deregulated market brought the opportunity to progress business with the new market entrants rather than remain underutilised. due unused airports substantial reductions was given to new airlines which they used form the expansion of passenger numbers by low cost would be financially worth it. The Ryanair product At the starting of Ryanair airline business in Europe its strategy was very simple to reduce its cost and sustain itself in the long term in airline industry was to use secondary airport. All major airports was under monopolistic condition of national airlines so Ryanair target secondary airports and its affect on Ryanair the low congestion charges, low landing charges and low rate of missing bags per passenger. Due to this situation Ryanair fully focused on its customer services. The Ryanair airport product The strategy of Ryanair was using secondary airports affect very positive result on consumer. Ryanair offers point to point flights and secondary airports become the hub airports. In secondary airports the consumption of time, cost reduce like less walking time within terminals, less waiting time for baggage retrieve and very cheap car parking. The Ryanair cost base Ryanair becomes the cost leader with very small labour force and fully focused on costs and productivity. Ryanair Europe No 1 in customer service In February 2010 Ryanair ranked No 1 around the Europe airlines. Only Ryanair is guarantee about the low cost and best customer services. These figures are published in customer service statistics in very month. CUSTOMER SERVICE STATS FEB 2009 2010 On-time flights 87% 83% Complaints per 1,000 pax 1.39 0.86 Baggage complaints per 1,000 pax 0.35 0.23 Complaints answered within 7 days 99% 99% External factors Ryanair is world fastest growing airline company According to Ryanair statistics in 2006 42.5 millions peoples travel in Ryanair airline and in 2007 it was 51 million and in 2008 the passengers was 59 millions. Ryanair Passenger Growth in Millions in 2006, 2007 Pax Chart Conclusion The above report examines the environmental analysis of European airline industry and discussed the strategy and sustainability of Ryanair in that environment. Ryanair is using very simple and good strategy according to economic condition at this time which is simple product, strict cost control over airports like aircraft suppliers and distribution costs. Ryanair focused on secondary airports that reduce its operating cost. BIBLIOGRAPHY L M Prasad, Business Policy: Strategic Management, New Delhi: Sultan Chand Sons, Educational Publishers, 2005 An Analysis of European low-cost airlines and their networks accessed on April 10, 2010. From www.sciencedirect.com Nigel Evants and David Campbell, Strategic Management for Travel and Tourism, 2003, Pages375-378 www.ryanair.com R. Casadesus-Masanell, Joan Enric Ricart, From Strategy to Business Models and on to tactics Long Range Planning (2010) Jay b. Barney William S. Hesterly Strategic Management and Competitive Advantage(concepts and cases) 3rd Edition, Pearson